Mauritius Wedding Traditions Complete Guide for Modern Couples

• 12 months before: Families meet, select auspicious dates, begin budgeting (average 800,000 MUR)
• 6 months before: Formal engagement (Sagaaisuh-GAH-ee/RokaROH-kah), vendor bookings
• 3 months before: Invitation distribution, pre-wedding photoshoots
• 1 week before: TilakTEE-luk, HaldiHAL-dee, Mehendimeh-HEN-dee ceremonies commence
• Wedding days: Main ceremonies followed by receptions
• Post-wedding: Tea ceremony, honeymoon departures

Tilak Ceremony (Hindu Groom Acceptance)

TilakTEE-luk is a Hindu pre-wedding ceremony that formally accepts the groom into the bride’s family, typically occurring 1-2 days before the main wedding and involving 20-50 participants at a cost of 50,000-150,000 MUR ($1,090-3,260 USD). The ceremony begins with the bride’s brother applying kumkumkoom-KOOM (vermilion) to the groom’s forehead, followed by gift exchanges including fruits, sweets, and traditional clothing presented in a decorated Tilak ThaliTEE-luk TAH-lee (ceremonial platter).

The ritual takes place at the bride’s family home or a community hall, lasting 2-3 hours with prayers led by a Hindu priest. Fathers perform the lawaluh-VAH ritual using turmeric-based items to invoke prosperity, while families share traditional Mauritian snacks like gato pimagah-toh PEE-mah (chili cakes) and tea. In modern practice since 2020, 60% of urban couples incorporate LED lighting for the thaliTAH-lee presentation and enable virtual attendance via video calls for overseas relatives.

Regional variations exist across Mauritian Hindu communities: Telugu families organize more elaborate ceremonies with traditional games lasting up to 4 hours, while Tamil communities keep the ritual more intimate with only immediate family members. Urban Hindu families increasingly include female participants in the ceremony, departing from traditional male-only customs observed in rural areas. The Muslim equivalent, RokaROH-kah, focuses on gift exchanges without the tilak marking, typically involving jewelry and sweets worth 100,000-200,000 MUR.

Haldi Ceremony (Turmeric Purification Ritual)

HaldiHAL-dee is a pre-wedding purification ceremony that involves applying turmeric paste to the bride and groom for spiritual cleansing, held 1-2 days before the wedding with 50-100 participants at a cost of 100,000-300,000 MUR ($2,170-6,520 USD). Married women traditionally apply the paste to the bride using mango tree twigs, while men perform the ritual for the groom, creating a festive atmosphere with singing and blessings lasting 3-4 hours.

The ceremony typically takes place in the morning at the bride’s family home, with participants wearing yellow clothing to match the turmeric theme. The paste consists of turmeric powder mixed with rose water, sandalwood, and milk, believed to enhance the couple’s complexion and ward off evil spirits. Following the application, families perform aartiAAR-tee (lamp waving ritual) and serve a vegetarian feast on banana leaves, featuring traditional curries and sweets.

Post-COVID adaptations have reduced participant numbers by 50% in urban areas, with 70% of couples opting for organic turmeric paste and eco-friendly decorations. Social media influence has transformed the event into a photogenic celebration, with professional photographers capturing candid moments for Instagram reels and wedding albums. Tamil Hindu communities incorporate kummiKOOM-mee dances during the ceremony, while Creole-influenced Hindu families add segaSEH-gah rhythms to the traditional music.

Mehendi Ceremony (Henna Application Celebration)

Mehendimeh-HEN-dee is a pre-wedding beautification ceremony where intricate henna designs are applied to the bride’s hands and feet, occurring 2-3 days before the wedding with 100-200 participants at a cost of 150,000-400,000 MUR ($3,260-8,700 USD). Professional henna artists create elaborate patterns over 4-6 hours, often incorporating the groom’s name hidden within the design for a traditional post-wedding game where the groom must find his name.

The event transforms into a musical celebration shared by both Hindu and Muslim communities in Mauritius, featuring qawwalikuh-VAH-lee performances and traditional songs. Female relatives present gifts including jewelry, clothing, and sweets arranged on decorated platters, while guests enjoy snacks like samosassuh-MOH-sah, gato pima, and sweet tea. The darker the henna stains, the stronger the marriage bond is believed to be according to local tradition.

Modern adaptations since 2022 include LED-lit venues and fusion henna designs incorporating glitter and crystals, with 80% of urban brides hiring artists through mobile apps. Hindu designs typically feature floral and peacock motifs, while Muslim patterns emphasize geometric shapes and Arabic calligraphy. Northern Mauritius families with Chinese heritage often request lotus flowers and dragon motifs, reflecting the island’s multicultural blend.

Vivah/Mangalya Poojai (Hindu Sacred Union)

Vivahvee-VAH (North Indian) or Mangalya Poojai (South Indian) is the main Hindu wedding ceremony performed under a decorated mandapmun-DUP, involving 200-500 participants and costing 300,000-800,000 MUR ($6,520-17,390 USD). The 2-3 hour ceremony centers on Saptapadisup-tuh-puh-DEE (seven steps around the sacred fire), where the couple makes seven vows for their married life while the priest chants Vedic mantras.

The ceremony begins with Maalai maatralMAH-lai MAH-tral (garland exchange), symbolizing mutual acceptance, followed by Kanyadaankun-yah-DAHN where the bride’s father places her hand in the groom’s. The groom ties the ThaliTAH-lee (sacred thread) around the bride’s neck, equivalent to exchanging rings in Western ceremonies. Offerings of rice, ghee, and flowers are made to the sacred fire while guests shower flower petals and rice for blessings.

Regional variations distinguish different Hindu communities: Telugu ceremonies include Maṅgaḷa Snānaṃ (holy bath) before the main ritual, Tamil weddings emphasize Ammi midithalAH-mee mee-dee-TAHL (stepping on grinding stone) and toe ring ceremonies, while North Indian Hindus focus on Sindoorsin-DOOR application. Modern adaptations include live-streaming services for diaspora family members (implemented by 90% of urban weddings post-2020) and eco-friendly mandaps using bamboo and recycled materials in 50% of ceremonies.

Nikah (Muslim Marriage Contract)

Nikahnee-KAH is the Islamic marriage ceremony that formalizes the union through a religious contract, conducted with 100-300 participants at a cost of 200,000-600,000 MUR ($4,350-13,040 USD). The one-hour ceremony takes place at a mosque or wedding hall, where the imam recites Quranic verses and oversees the contract signing in the presence of witnesses representing both families.

The ceremony emphasizes consent and equality, with the groom offering mohaarmoh-HAAR (dower) ranging from jewelry worth 50,000-200,000 MUR to property deeds. Witnesses, typically two from each side, ensure the bride’s willing participation, often communicating her acceptance from a separate room maintaining purdahpur-DAH (privacy). The couple shares sweetened water from the same cup, symbolizing their united life, followed by ring exchanges and prayers for marital harmony.

Muslim weddings in Mauritius reflect Indian and Arab influences, with Indian-origin families incorporating qawwalikuh-VAH-lee performances while maintaining Islamic requirements. Urban ceremonies tend toward simplicity with 100-150 guests, contrasting with rural celebrations hosting 300-400 participants. Since 2020, 60% of couples include photo booths and professional videography, balancing modern documentation with religious guidelines about mixed gatherings.

Church Wedding Ceremony (Christian Sacred Vows)

Church wedding ceremonies in Mauritius are Christian religious services where couples exchange vows before God and congregation, typically involving 100-200 participants at a cost of 150,000-400,000 MUR ($3,260-8,700 USD). The one-hour ceremony follows liturgical traditions with hymns, scripture readings, and the exchange of rings blessed by the priest or pastor.

Catholic ceremonies include a full mass with communion, extending the service to 90 minutes, while Protestant weddings focus on vows and prayers lasting 45-60 minutes. The bride traditionally wears a white gown symbolizing purity, entering to Wagner’s Bridal Chorus, while the groom waits at the altar in a formal suit. Post-ceremony traditions include rice throwing and church bell ringing to announce the union.

Modern trends show 70% of Christian couples choosing beach ceremonies since 2021, requiring special permits costing an additional 50,000 MUR. Live bands replace traditional organ music in 60% of weddings, while couples personalize vows rather than using standard liturgy. The Creole Christian community often incorporates segaSEH-gah music during receptions, blending religious solemnity with cultural celebration.

Walima (Muslim Wedding Reception)

Walimawah-LEE-mah is the Islamic wedding reception that publicly announces the marriage, held the same day or day after Nikahnee-KAH with 200-400 guests at a cost of 250,000-700,000 MUR ($5,430-15,220 USD). This 4-5 hour celebration centers on a feast featuring biryanibir-YAH-nee, multiple curry dishes, and salads, with the couple seated on a decorated dais receiving congratulations from guests.

The reception follows Islamic guidelines with gender-separated seating in traditional families, though 60% of urban celebrations now feature mixed arrangements. Non-alcoholic beverages including rose syrup and fresh juices accompany the meal, while entertainment consists of qawwalikuh-VAH-lee performances or recorded music. The couple cuts a multi-tiered cake, a Western addition adopted by 90% of Mauritian Muslim weddings.

Post-COVID adaptations reduced average guest counts from 400 to 250, with outdoor venues gaining popularity for better ventilation. DJ services featuring Islamic wedding songs and clean versions of popular music became standard in 80% of urban receptions since 2022. Creole Muslim families uniquely incorporate segaSEH-gah rhythms into celebrations, while maintaining religious boundaries regarding mixed dancing.

Chinese Tea Ceremony (Ancestral Respect Ritual)

Tea ceremony is a Chinese post-wedding tradition where newlyweds serve tea to elders in order of seniority, typically the day after the main ceremony with 50-100 family members at a cost of 100,000-250,000 MUR ($2,170-5,430 USD). The 1-2 hour ritual honors ancestors and receives blessings from family elders, who present hongbaohong-BAO (red envelopes) containing money or gold jewelry.

The ceremony requires specific elements: a complete tea set often passed through generations, cushions for kneeling, and traditional Chinese pastries. The bride wears a cheongsamchung-SAM (traditional dress) while the groom dons a silk suit, with red decorations symbolizing prosperity. Elders offer marriage advice and blessings after receiving tea, creating intimate family moments documented by photographers.

Sino-Mauritian families (3% of the population) adapt the ceremony to local culture, with 70% incorporating sega music during informal moments. Virtual participation via video calls enables overseas relatives to witness the ceremony, a practice adopted by 80% of families since 2020. Fusion tea varieties including local vanilla tea alongside traditional Chinese tea reflect Mauritius’s multicultural identity.

Sega Dance (Traditional Reception Entertainment)

Sega dance is a Creole-origin performance tradition that animates wedding receptions across all ethnic groups, featuring professional performers at a cost of 50,000-150,000 MUR ($1,090-3,260 USD). The 2-3 hour entertainment involves rhythmic dancing to ravannerah-VAHN drums, triangles, and maracas, with guests joining circular formations around performers wearing colorful traditional costumes.

Originally developed by African slaves, sega has evolved into Mauritius’s national dance, performed at 95% of wedding receptions regardless of religious background. The dance involves swaying hips and shuffling feet without lifting them, maintaining connection to the earth. Professional troupes perform 4-5 sets throughout the evening, alternating with modern music to accommodate all age groups.

Modern adaptations include DJ remixes of traditional sega songs, used in 80% of receptions post-2020, and LED costumes for performers creating spectacular visual effects. Hindu weddings blend sega with bhojpuriBHOJ-poo-ree songs, Muslim celebrations maintain non-alcoholic environments while enjoying the music, and Chinese families incorporate sega between tea ceremony segments. The dance serves as a unifying element across Mauritius’s diverse communities.

Urban vs Rural Wedding Differences

Urban Mauritian weddings in cities like Port Louis average 2-3 days with 150-250 guests, contrasting with rural celebrations lasting 4-5 days with 300-500 participants. City weddings cost 30% more due to venue prices but save on duration, with 70% using hotels or banquet halls versus 80% of rural weddings held in decorated home marquees costing 100,000-300,000 MUR less.

Digital innovations define urban ceremonies: 90% send WhatsApp invitations saving 50,000 MUR on printing, 60% hire wedding planners charging 150,000-400,000 MUR, and 100% employ professional photography with drone coverage. Rural weddings maintain traditional elements like community cooking where neighbors contribute labor, reducing catering costs by 40% while strengthening social bonds through collective preparation.

Modern urban couples blend traditions across ethnic lines, with 60% of Hindu weddings incorporating segaSEH-gah performances and 40% of Christian ceremonies adding mehendimeh-HEN-dee parties. Rural communities preserve distinct ethnic practices, though younger generations increasingly request fusion elements like DJ services alongside traditional musicians. Post-COVID, rural weddings adopted some urban practices including smaller guest lists and outdoor venues for safety.

Inter-ethnic Wedding Celebrations

Inter-ethnic marriages represent 8% of Mauritian unions, creating unique ceremonies that blend multiple cultural traditions while respecting religious requirements. Hindu-Christian couples typically conduct civil ceremonies first (mandatory except for Muslim rites), followed by blessings in both traditions, costing 800,000-1,500,000 MUR ($17,390-32,610 USD) for dual celebrations.

Muslim-Hindu unions face complex negotiations regarding nikahnee-KAH requirements and dietary restrictions, with 70% opting for separate ceremonies on different days. Successful integration includes vegetarian options at all events, non-alcoholic receptions, and careful scheduling around religious obligations. Chinese-Creole marriages seamlessly blend tea ceremonies with sega celebrations, creating colorful fusions appreciated by both communities.

Legal requirements mandate civil registration before religious ceremonies, providing neutral ground for inter-faith couples. Modern venues offer separate prayer rooms and flexible catering accommodating multiple dietary laws. Since 2022, specialized wedding planners charging 200,000-500,000 MUR emerged to navigate cultural sensitivities, ensuring both families feel respected while creating unified celebrations.

Venue and Catering Expenses

Wedding venues in Mauritius range from 100,000-500,000 MUR ($2,170-10,870 USD), with beachfront properties commanding premium prices of 300,000-500,000 MUR for exclusive use. Traditional mandapmun-DUP setup costs an additional 80,000-150,000 MUR, while church ceremonies require 20,000-50,000 MUR donations. Hotels offer packages including decoration, sound systems, and basic catering starting at 200,000 MUR for 100 guests.

Catering represents the largest expense at 500-1,500 MUR ($11-33 USD) per guest, with Muslim biryanibir-YAH-nee feasts averaging 1,000 MUR per person including multiple meat curries. Hindu vegetarian menus cost 500-800 MUR per guest featuring seven curry varieties served on banana leaves. Modern fusion menus incorporating international cuisines increase costs by 40%, while traditional home-cooked community meals reduce expenses by 60% in rural areas.

Alcohol service (excluded from Muslim events) adds 200-500 MUR per guest for basic packages, with premium options reaching 1,000 MUR. Post-COVID, outdoor catering gained popularity despite 20% higher costs due to logistics, with 60% of couples choosing garden or beach venues. Dessert stations featuring traditional sweets like ladduLUD-doo and modern wedding cakes (30,000-100,000 MUR) became standard at urban receptions.

Traditional Attire and jewelry

Bridal attire costs range from 50,000-200,000 MUR ($1,090-4,350 USD), with traditional sarees for Hindu brides costing 30,000-150,000 MUR depending on fabric and embellishment. Muslim brides typically purchase 2-3 outfits including white nikahnee-KAH dresses (40,000-80,000 MUR) and colorful walimawah-LEE-mah gowns. Grooms invest 30,000-100,000 MUR in sherwanissher-WAH-nee or veshtisVESH-tee, with Western suits for Christian ceremonies costing 20,000-60,000 MUR.

Jewelry represents significant investment, particularly thaliTAH-lee chains (50,000-200,000 MUR) and mangalsutramun-gul-SOO-trah necklaces for Hindu brides. Muslim mohaarmoh-HAAR gifts range from 100,000-500,000 MUR in gold jewelry, while Chinese families present gold bangles and necklaces worth 80,000-300,000 MUR during tea ceremonies. Rental options reduce costs by 40%, with 30% of urban couples choosing this option for reception outfits.

Modern trends show increasing demand for designer fusion wear blending traditional and contemporary styles, with custom creations costing 100,000-300,000 MUR. Sustainable fashion gains traction with 20% of environmentally conscious couples choosing inherited or pre-owned jewelry, and locally-made outfits using eco-friendly fabrics. Complete wedding wardrobe including all ceremonies averages 150,000-400,000 MUR per couple.

How much does a traditional Mauritius wedding cost in total?

Traditional Mauritius weddings cost between 500,000-2,000,000 MUR ($10,870-43,480 USD) in 2024, with Hindu and Muslim celebrations averaging 1,200,000 MUR due to multiple ceremonies over 3-5 days. The total includes venue rental (100,000-500,000 MUR), catering for 200-400 guests (200,000-600,000 MUR), traditional attire and jewelry (150,000-400,000 MUR), photography (100,000-300,000 MUR), entertainment (50,000-150,000 MUR), decorations (80,000-250,000 MUR), and religious ceremony fees (20,000-100,000 MUR). Urban weddings cost 30% more than rural celebrations due to venue prices, though rural events often extend longer with more guests. Families typically contribute collectively, with both sides sharing expenses according to cultural traditions like Hindu kanyadaankun-yah-DAHN customs or Muslim mohaarmoh-HAAR obligations.

How long do Hindu wedding ceremonies like Vivah typically last?

Hindu Vivahvee-VAH ceremonies last 2-3 hours for the main ritual under the mandapmun-DUP, though the complete wedding celebration extends across 3-5 days including pre and post-wedding events. The core ceremony involves saptapadisup-tuh-puh-DEE (seven steps around fire) taking 45 minutes, kanyadaan (giving away the bride) requiring 30 minutes, and mangalsutramun-gul-SOO-trah tying consuming 20 minutes, with remaining time for mantras and blessings. Pre-wedding events like tilakTEE-luk (2-3 hours), haldiHAL-dee (3-4 hours), and mehendimeh-HEN-dee (4-6 hours) occur on separate days. Tamil variations like Mangalya Poojai may extend to 4 hours including additional rituals like ammi midithalAH-mee mee-dee-TAHL. Modern adaptations since 2020 shortened ceremonies by 30% to accommodate virtual attendance and outdoor venue time limits.

Who typically pays for different wedding expenses in Mauritius?

Traditional payment customs vary by ethnic group, with Hindu families following kanyadaan principles where the bride’s family covers ceremony costs (300,000-500,000 MUR) while the groom’s family handles reception expenses (200,000-400,000 MUR). Muslim traditions involve the groom providing mohaar (100,000-500,000 MUR in jewelry or property) while both families share celebration costs equally. Modern couples (60% in urban areas) contribute personally, covering 40-60% of expenses through savings and loans, with parents providing remaining support. Chinese families traditionally have groom’s side bearing 70% of costs while receiving hongbaohong-BAO gifts from guests offsetting 30-40% of expenses. Inter-ethnic marriages negotiate custom arrangements, often splitting all costs 50-50 between families regardless of tradition.

What are the main differences between Hindu Tilak and Muslim Roka ceremonies?

Tilak ceremonies involve applying kumkumkoom-KOOM (vermilion) marks on the groom’s forehead by the bride’s brother, symbolizing acceptance into the Hindu family, while Muslim RokaROH-kah focuses on formal engagement through gift exchanges without physical markings. Tilak costs 50,000-150,000 MUR including religious items like tilak thaliTEE-luk TAH-lee, fruits, and sweets, whereas Roka expenses reach 100,000-200,000 MUR primarily for jewelry gifts. Hindu ceremonies include aartiAAR-tee (lamp waving) and mantras led by priests lasting 2-3 hours, contrasting with Muslim events featuring duaDOO-ah (prayers) and nasheednah-SHEED songs for 1-2 hours. Both serve as formal acceptances preventing other marriage proposals, but Tilak emphasizes spiritual blessing through vermillion while Roka centers on material commitments through mohaar negotiations.

How do modern Mauritian couples incorporate sega dance into weddings?

SegaSEH-gah dance performances occur during wedding receptions across all ethnic groups, with 95% of Mauritian weddings featuring professional troupes costing 50,000-150,000 MUR for 2-3 hour shows. Hindu receptions blend sega with bhojpuriBHOJ-poo-ree music, creating fusion performances where traditional ravannerah-VAHN drums accompany Hindi songs. Muslim weddings maintain religious guidelines by featuring sega music without mixed-gender dancing, with 60% opting for female-only dance segments. Professional performers wear LED costumes (popular since 2022) and engage guests in circular formations teaching basic steps-swaying hips while keeping feet grounded. Modern DJs charge 30,000-80,000 MUR to mix traditional sega with contemporary music, creating seamless transitions between cultural performances and party dancing that appeals to younger guests.

What documents are required for civil marriage registration in Mauritius?

Civil registration requires birth certificates, national identity cards, and single status certificates for both parties, with foreign nationals needing additional apostilled documents translated into English or French. Couples must give 10 days notice at the Civil Status Office, paying 5,000 MUR in fees, with ceremonies conducted by designated officers before religious celebrations (mandatory except for Muslim nikahnee-KAH which includes civil registration). Divorced individuals provide decree absolute certificates, widowed persons present death certificates, and inter-faith couples sign declarations regarding children’s religious upbringing. Since 2022, digital applications reduce processing time by 50%, though physical presence remains mandatory for oath-taking. Non-citizens require residence proof or tourist visa validity exceeding 15 days. Same-sex unions remain unrecognized despite ongoing legislative discussions affecting 2% of applications.

How much do guests typically give as wedding gifts in Mauritius?

Wedding gift amounts vary by relationship and ethnic customs, with close family members giving 10,000-50,000 MUR ($217-1,087 USD) while friends and colleagues contribute 2,000-5,000 MUR. Hindu guests often present gold jewelry or household items matching the cash value, while Muslim guests strictly give money in decorated envelopes during walimawah-LEE-mah receptions. Chinese hongbao traditions dictate even-numbered amounts (avoiding 4) ranging from 2,000-20,000 MUR in red envelopes. Christian weddings see mixed practices with 40% using gift registries (uncommon in other communities) for appliances and home goods. Rural communities practice collective gifting where extended families pool resources for substantial presents like furniture sets worth 50,000-100,000 MUR. Post-COVID, digital transfers increased by 60%, though physical envelope presentation during ceremonies remains culturally important.

What are typical catering options and costs per guest?

Catering costs range from 500-1,500 MUR ($11-33 USD) per guest depending on menu complexity and service style. Hindu vegetarian options featuring seven curries, rice, breads, and sweets average 500-800 MUR, while non-vegetarian menus with meat curries increase to 800-1,200 MUR. Muslim biryanibir-YAH-nee feasts including lamb or chicken biryani, kababs, and multiple sides cost 1,000-1,500 MUR per person. Chinese-influenced menus incorporating seafood and specialized dishes reach 1,200-1,800 MUR. Buffet service reduces costs by 20% compared to plated meals, while traditional banana leaf service (Hindu) or communal platters (Muslim) offer authentic experiences. Modern fusion menus blending Mauritian-international cuisines command premium prices of 1,500-2,000 MUR. Dessert stations add 200-400 MUR per guest, while beverage packages (excluding Muslim events) range from 200-500 MUR for standard selections.

When should international guests arrive for a Mauritian wedding?

International guests should arrive 2-3 days before the main ceremony to participate in pre-wedding celebrations like mehendi and sangeet, which offer intimate cultural experiences beyond the formal wedding. Direct flights from Europe, Asia, and Africa make Mauritius accessible, with peak wedding season (May-December) requiring advance booking. Hotels near wedding venues offer group rates averaging 3,000-8,000 MUR per night, with 70% of couples arranging transportation for international guests. Early arrival allows acclimatization to tropical weather and time zone adjustment (GMT+4). Visa-free entry for many nationalities simplifies planning, though checking requirements remains essential. Extended stays combining wedding attendance with island tourism are common, with 60% of international guests spending 7-10 days exploring beaches and cultural sites. Wedding invitations typically include suggested arrival dates and local contact information for coordination.

How do couples choose between traditional and beach wedding venues?

Venue selection depends on religious requirements, with 90% of Hindu ceremonies requiring mandap structures feasible at hotels or gardens, while 70% of Christian couples opt for beach ceremonies since 2021. Beach venues cost 300,000-500,000 MUR including permits (50,000 MUR), setup, and weather contingencies, compared to traditional halls at 100,000-300,000 MUR. Religious considerations influence choices: Hindu fire rituals need wind protection, Muslim ceremonies require prayer facilities, while Chinese tea ceremonies favor indoor settings. Modern couples (60% urban) choose beaches for photogenic backdrops and tourist guest convenience, despite 20% higher catering costs due to logistics. Weather concerns (November-April cyclone season) necessitate backup plans adding 100,000 MUR to budgets. Traditional venues offer cultural authenticity with established vendor relationships, while beaches provide unique experiences attracting younger couples prioritizing aesthetics over convenience.